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Footnotes >

1 The energy inefficiencies of laboratories are not currently regulated. According to EPA estimates, the typical laboratory uses five times as much energy and water per-square-foot as the typical office building due to intensive ventilation requirements and other health and safety concerns.

2 Recommendations of the Laboratory Regulatory Reform Task Force: Report to California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Toxic Substances Control. (1995)

3 RCRA Orientation Manual (EPA Publication, May 1998).

4 New England Universities' Laboratories ProjectXL Final Project Agreement (September 1999).

5 Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals. National Academy of Sciences (1995).

6 The C2E2 is http://www.c2e2.org.

7 New England Universities' Laboratories Project XL Final Project Agreement. Available at http://www.epa.gov/projectxl.

8 EPA's definition of pollution prevention, or P2, includes the following: source reduction and other practices that reduce the volume or eliminate the creation of pollutants through the increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water or other resources, or the protection of natural resources by conservation.

9 Data was available for 1993, but the data collection method was significantly changed in 1994.

10 Data for missing years is not available due to changes in the computer software used.

11 ESF changed data collection procedures for 2001.

12 The field of green chemistry may represent an exception. This impediment to P2 may be more relevant at BC, where no formal green chemistry program exists, than at UMB and UVM where such programs do exist.

13 No workable method has been found to normalize these numbers.

14 RCRA requires a biennial report, which is submitted to the state every two years that details all waste quantities.

15 As a result of small sample sizes, it is not possible to determine statistically whether the difference in responses between the two groups were significant.

16 Note that in-person survey administration conducted at UVM proved feasible despite the large and dispersed campus; it is likely that a relatively smaller laboratory population at Boston College and UMB would facilitate future in-person administration.

17 An open-ended question is one that does not provide the respondent with multiple choice options. Survey question #13 provides an example: "The last time you needed health and safety information about a particular chemical, what resource(s) did you use?"

18 Note that schools may wish to include untrained individuals as a control group against which trainees can be compared. This is acceptable if an adequate sample size is achieved for both groups.

19 For the existing post-training survey, only UVM tracked which survey respondents did and did not receive training.

20 Roth, Alisa. The EPA Versus the Toxic Campus. University Business. (April 2000).

21 University of Massachusetts-Boston Year 1 Audit Report completed by EPA New England. July 12, 2001.